Janoi Burgess studies in his room at his home near Miami.
Liam Crotty for Kaiser Health News
When Janoi Burgess was a child, he thought doctor appointments were fun.
“I used to love it because they had a section where you could play games,” said Burgess, who was born with sickle cell anemia, an inherited blood disorder. “They were really nice and friendly.”
But when he turned 21, the South Florida resident could no longer go to his pediatric specialist. Instead, he “bounced around” to various adult primary care doctors, none of whom seemed well-versed in the details of his condition. When he had a painful sickle cell crisis two years later, his only choice was to go to a hospital emergency department, where, he says, he waited three hours for pain medication.
“They triage you based on severity, and pain is not something that they consider as severe” as other conditions, he recently recalled. “One doctor even said, ‘Your labs are OK so you’re not in pain.’ It was crazy and insulting at the same time.”
Burgess’ experience is not unusual among many adults with sickle cell anemia, which affects up to 100,000 people in the United States, most of them African Americans. For many years, most people with sickle cell died in childhood or adolescence, and the condition remained in the province of pediatrics. During the past two decades, advances in routine care have allowed many people to live into middle age and beyond.
“Some people with sickle cell disease are actually living to be elderly, and the majority of patients are adults,” said Dr. Wally Smith of the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center. “We don’t have a health care system ready for that.”
Early adulthood, a time when patients make a switch from pediatric to adult care, can be perilous for these patients. A 2010 study of 940 Dallas people with sickle cell born after 1982 reported that the period immediately after they “aged out” of pediatric care was the riskiest for death. Other research found that Wisconsin Medicaid patients with sickle cell were especially likely to rely on emergency departments for care during this transitional time period.
Disease Rife With “Bias and Disrespect”
One explanation for the increased deaths could be that early adulthood is a time when the repeated stresses of sickle cell “catch up” with the body. But social and health-system factors also play an important role.
Compared with other genetic diseases, a disproportionate number of patients with sickle cell rely on Medicaid, the federal-state health insurance program for low-income people, but finding specialists who accept Medicaid’s lower reimbursements can be difficult.
There is also an inadequate number of physicians with expertise in the condition. Few adult hematologists—blood-disease specialists—focus on sickle cell, which is less lucrative than conditions such as leukemia.
“The number of hematologists available to provide that care is far too small to address the need,” said Dr. Michael DeBaun, director of the Vanderbilt-Meharry-Matthew Walker Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease in Nashville, Tenn.
Janoi Burgess
Liam Crotty/for Kaiser Health News
In addition, sickle cell day hospitals—dedicated infusion centers where patients can get intravenous treatment for acute pain episodes—have been shown to reduce hospitalizations and reduce the length of crises. Yet fewer than a dozen such centers exist nationally, according to medical experts who have studied them or set up such facilities.
Pain is a hallmark of sickle cell disease, which is caused by abnormal hemoglobin, the protein that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. Under certain conditions, these affected red blood cells lose their characteristic disk shape and morph into rigid crescents, clogging up small blood vessels and disrupting the flow of blood. Nearly a third of adults with sickle cell disease experience pain, often moderately or severely intense, almost every day, and opiates are an important part of managing the condition. Often, physicians and nurses are skeptical of adult sickle cell patients’ motives in asking for pain medication, even though narcotic addiction is no more common in people with sickle cell disease than in the general population.
“There is no disease bigger than sickle cell in terms of bias and disrespect,” said Dr. Mary Catherine Beach, a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins. “Many clinicians dislike taking care of people with sickle cell disease because of issues around pain management. When you add in race, it’s a perfect storm.”
Silent strokes, which do not cause any obvious sign of injury, also complicate the transition to adult care for some patients. They occur in more than 1 in 5 people with sickle cell by the late-teen years. These strokes can lead to problems with understanding and decision making, preventing effective navigation of a confusing adult health system.
“In pediatrics, if you miss your appointment, a nurse will call, or someone might even go to your house,” said Dr. Charles Quinn, a pediatric hematologist at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. “In adult medicine, if you miss your appointment, you’re on your own. It’s an entirely different system of health care delivery that happens abruptly.”
One strategy to improve care is for children with sickle cell to see a family medicine or med-peds physician, who can provide care for them from birth through their adult years. Family medicine specialists complete a three-year residency after medical school that includes rotations in obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, geriatrics, psychiatry, and medicine and pediatrics. Med-peds physicians complete both a pediatrics residency and an internal medicine residency, and most take separate exams to become board-certified in both fields.
But there is a shortage of primary care physicians generally, and fewer than 400 doctors graduate from med-peds residencies every year, according to Dr. Niraj Sharma, who directs the Harvard Brigham and Women’s/Children’s Hospital Boston Med-Peds Residency.
Instead, he said, all pediatricians should start to discuss the transition, including educating their patients with chronic conditions about their illness, at age 12.
One obstacle to smooth transfers has traditionally been physician reimbursement, said Dr. Patience White, co-director of Got Transition, a federally funded center that aims to improve the transition process. Her group has been working with medical professional societies to propose a new billing code that would allow internists to be paid for the work of communicating with pediatricians and reviewing extensive medical records as patients transition.
Another barrier for adults has been primary care providers’ lack of familiarity with routine management of the condition. In addition to their discomfort prescribing narcotics, nonspecialists often aren’t comfortable administering hydroxyurea, a medication that has been shown to reduce painful crises and save lives in patients with sickle cell.
A team of experts at Johns Hopkins Medical Center, led by Dr. Rosalyn Stewart and Dr. John J. Strouse, seeks to deal with such problems by helping doctors improve their knowledge of sickle cell through a weekly video conference program.
On another front, Coretta Jenerette, an associate professor of nursing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, works with patients to help them explain their symptoms so that medical professionals can better understand what they need: “When you come to adult care, there’s an expectation that you’re able to give your history and the reason you are seeking care yourself.”
Burgess, now 28, finally found an adult specialist who stabilized his sickle cell, enabling him to complete a college nursing degree. “There are a few nurses who made an impact on my life, and I’d like to add to that,” he said. “I have a need to help, and I feel like I can do it.”
Erin Marcus writes for Kaiser Health News, which originally published this article.
Like The Root on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter.
